2012-2-12 05:30
- Dec 7, 2011 12:50 PM
- Dec 7, 2011 12:50 PM
* 拉丁文 - 动词
- 语态：直述、命令、假设。
-- 分词、不定词、目的分词（supine）。
- Gerundives are verbal adjectives; also known as future passive participles.
- 语气：主动、被动。
-- 异态动词：被动型-主动意。
-- 半异态动词：完成被动结构-主动意。
-- 一些中性动词（不及物动词），主动意-被动意。
-- 完成类时态的被动型为：被动分词 + sum（“是”-动词）
- 时态：现在、过去进行、完成（过去-现在完成）、过去完成、未来完成。
- Dec 7, 2011 12:51 PM
Latin
* The Gerund
Now if the "gerundive" is a specialized verbal adjective implying "oughtness", the "gerund" will be a verbal noun, actually the neuter singular form of this class used as a noun. Occasionally you will find this neuter used as a noun, but very occasionally, as in Horace's poetical phrase "why will you persist in destroying this sweet young boy "amando?", that is by loving him. The gerund becomes a noun, in fact is an adjective in the neuter serving as an abstract noun, and amandum is not far different from the common noun amor, amoris "love". The only problem is that when you see this rarish form, you may think it is the more common gerundive, and since there is little distinction of form, you can be fooled. Keep it in the back of your mind.
* The Supines
A few more very rare noun/verb forms exist, and I will dedicate just one sentence to each:
1) The Supine looks like a PPP, perfect passive participle, in the neuter singular, but it is an obsolete infinitive type historically, and used rarely.
2) Translating as an English infinitive will do the trick once you are secure in your recognition of existence of the Supine in-u-.
- Dec 7, 2011 12:51 PM
Latin
* The Gerundive
One more class of words completes our list in the participial class:
This one refers not to time, as the others do, but to "oughtness", the kind of thing which one is bound to do, one should do, one has to do. In English we put such structures into the supplementary verb phrase: "You really SHOULD do this....', in Latin we have a preference for doing it the other way around with a specialized participial/adjectival ending:
"This is a thing which (which) ought to be done...", is in Latin:
hoc est gerundum.
Since gero is Class III like duco, we take the root ger- and add the longish endings -undus (masc.) -unda Fem.) and -undum (neut) . Thus Gerundive is autogenetically named as an example based on the very word from which this example comes!
So from amare Class I, we get amandum "something which is to be loved", amandus "a (masc.) to be loved;', and amanda, which is identical to the girl's name, the fond thought of a well-wishing parent. The forms are simple:
I II III IV
Masculine amandus monendus ducendus audiendus
Feminine amanda monenda ducenda audienda
Neuter amandum monendum ducendum audiendum
The rest of the forms are perfectly regular Class l adjectives, I hardly need to list them here, since you can find them In the adjectival category.
Several remarks are due at this point.
1) When I say "to be loved, or to be done " or something or this sort, I am only implying "oughtness", and you must not confuse this with the English translation of the Latin passive present infinitive amari "to be loved", which has an entirely different meaning. "He wants to be loved" is different in idea from "he ought to be loved, he MUST be loved.... (or else)". The English phrases overlap, the Latin ones are worlds apart in meaning and even more significantly, in use. Watch this detail.
2) When you say in Latin "this ought to be done by you", you might think that the "by you" will be in the ablative with preposition a- or ab-, its variant, since a/ab- normally marks agency. That is generally true, but in this one case, with our Gerundive form in -undus, the doer is in the dative (to-for), which always surprises the person learning to read Latin. Hoc gerundum est tibi (dative) means "this must be done by you", and we call this formally the dative of agent, rare because it is used only here.
A better way of thinking of this Dative is to see it as "The Dative of the Person Concerned", a bad mouthful of verbiage but quite to the point, since it is the person who is concerned with the action who gets involved as agent for getting it done. Point to remember: With Gerundive use Dative for the ageny (actually the person involved, concerned).
When you look up this class in the standard grammars, you will find it under the English title "gerundive". It is certainly eccentric to name a Class of words by an example taken from a single sample of its use, but that is the way it is, and you might as well get used to the term for later use. But always distinguish between this Gerundive and the Gerund which is entirely different.
- Dec 7, 2011 12:51 PM
Latin
* There are four participial forms.
- present participle (ppl.)
- fut. passive ppl. (the gerundive)
- perfect ppl.
- fut. active ppl.
* The present participle is declined like a third-declension adjective (with genitive singular in -is), except that it may sometimes take an -e instead of an -î in the ablative singular. See the page on third-declension patterns.
- The present participle can sometimes take -e rather than -î:
-- Deo volente. = With God willing [something]. = If God wills [something].
- Dec 7, 2011 12:53 PM
* Latin Periphrastic (participle + to-be) - There are two periphrastic conjugations. One is active, and the other is passive.
- Passive Periphrastic - A passive periphrastic construction merely points to existence of a need or obligation. When used with a form of sum (to be), the gerundive — which is passive — denotes necessity or obligation.
- future active participle + sum (to be) - intended, destined, future
- passive participle + sum - advisable, appropriate
- present participle + sum - predicate adjective; verb-ing+sum = verb
* early Latin
- the perfect participle of deponents occasionally has passive force.
- a few verbs, not otherwise used in the passive, form a perfect passive participle having active or neuter meaning.
- Dec 7, 2011 12:54 PM
* Latin Deponent verbs are active in meaning and passive in form.
- the perfect passive participle plus the first person of the verb for ＂to be.＂;
-- In a non-deponent verb, this form would give you the “perfect passive,”
-- but here the form gives you the perfect active.
-- In a non-deponent verb, the “to be” would not be added.
* Latin Semi-deponent verbs are similar to deponent verbs
- in that they only have three principal parts and they are active in meaning, but passive in form, but only in the “perfect” tenses.
- In the present tense, for instance, all is normal,
- In the dictionary, you will see 3 forms:
the present active indicative first person singular
the present active infinitive, and
the perfect passive indicative (also first person singular, as noted by the sum “to be”).
* The dictionary entry for a Latin verb has four ＂principle parts＂.
- the first person singular present active indicative,
- the infinitive,
- the first person singular perfect active indicative,
- the supine (or in some texts, the perfect passive participle).
* Deponent verbs have only three principal parts:
* Likewise, semi-deponent verbs have only three:
* In Latin there are three participles you need to know at this time: the present active, the perfect passive and the future active:
- Present Active Infinitive
- Present Active Participle
- Perfect Passive Participle
- Future Active Participle
* Since these verbs are passive in looks but active in meaning, then their perfect passive participle must be translated as a perfect active participle, and we do have class of perfect "active" participles by default.
- Dec 7, 2011 12:55 PM
* Latin has 6 tenses.
Present - amo I love, I do love, I am loving
Imperfect - amabam I loved, I did love, I was loving, I used to love
Future - * amabo I shall love, I am going to love, I am about to love
Perfect - amavi I loved, I have loved
Pluperfect - amaveram I had loved
Future Perfect - * amavero I shall have loved
*The “shall” is a bit old-fashioned -- in the U.S., at least. Here we usually replace “shall” with “will”.
* Latin 3 Moods
indicative - He sleeps.
imperative - Go to sleep!
subjunctive - something might happen, or could happen
* Latin has only two voices: active and passive.
active - I love.
passive - I am loved.
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