1996-12-06
OT 600 Hebrew Exegesis Notes of Syntax on Hosea 2:17 Tom Hsu, page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Verbs 1
A. Stems: Participle, Infinitive, 1
Piel, Hiphil, Niphal, Hithpael, Hishtaphel, 1
Pual, Hophal, Qal passive, 2
Pilpel, Polpal, Hithalpel, Minor patterns 2
B. Conjugations: 3
Perfect 3
II. Nouns 4
A. Cases of Nouns 4
B. Case Analysis of Hosea 2:4-17 5
III. Conjunctions and Particles 11
rv,a} , W] , yKi , 11
Demonstratives 12
IV. Observations 13
Appendix 13
I. Verbs
A. Stems
A.2. Variations
a. Lexical (beginning, duration, end)
1. Perfective (complete situation)
Ingressive, constative, telic
b. Syntatic
1. Perfective: independent, special
2. Non-perfective: dependent, general
c. Stative/dynamic
1. Stative: condition result static
2. Fientive: action, change action dynamic
d. stems: who, whom, intensity
10 objective reality description (fact, event, history, prophecy)
20 objective subjectiveness modal (ability), volitional (desire)
30 subjective subjectiveness command, request
40 subjective subjectiveness suggestion, request, command, wish
e. perfective
non-perfective modal, volitional
waw-nonperfective connector
Uses of the participle [Seow,8.4]
a. The participle is a verbal adjective,
As a verb, it usually suggeats continuous occurrence of an activity (a state of affair).
Tense must be inferred from context.
Translated as "be doing, does, did, be going to do,be about to do."
Serving like predicate adjective, agrees with noun in gender and number
b. Serving like an attributive adjective, agrees in number, gender, and difiniteness.
positioned after the noun it modifies.
Translated as (the definite noun:) "the N, the doing one" or "a/the N who does"
c. subatantive noun. Translated as "Doing, One who does, or Do-er"
d. indefinite subject, translated as "(someone) does"
e. Tom: after noun, pt (adj, attribute, definite), inf (rel, complement)
Use of the Infinitive Absolute [Seow22.3]
a. a verbal noun
b. before (may after) a cognate verb to emphasize the certainty or decisiveness
c. after an imperative to intensify
d. two different infinitives: cognate-1 inf-1 W inf-2, to indicate a simultaneous action
e. a substitute for an imperative
f. an action occurring concurrently with the main verb
Use of the Infinitive Construct [Seow,23.3]
a. a verbal noun
b. after l to express intention
c. after l to elaborate or and clarify a preceding statement, sometimes
d. after l to indicate an event that is about to happen, sometimes
e. (loosely) after B or K as temporal clause
The meaning of verbs in Piel [Seow,15.2]
a. Factitive, stative or intransitive becomes transitive
b. Intensive, "to do around/many/(in more degree"
c. Denominative, derived from nouns, "act as N" or ...
d. Declarative, derived from Adjectives, "to declare Adj."
The meaning of verbs in Hiphil [Seow,16.2]
a. Causative, "to cause one to do" or ...
b. Factitive, stative or intransitive becomes transitive
c. Denominative, derived from adjectives and nouns
d. Declarative, derived from Adjectives, "to declare Adj."
The meaning of verbs in Niphal [Seow.26.2]
a. Reflexive, "do oneself" or tolerative, "let oneslef be done"
b. Reciprocal, "do with one another"
c. Passive, "be done" (have been done)
d. Resultative, "be done, be do-ible" (have been/made do-ful)
The meaning of Hithpael verbs [Seow,27.2]
a. Reflexive, "do oneselves" or "do (something) from oneself" or tolerative, "let oneself be done"
b. Reciprocal, "do with/at one another"
c. Iterative, "do about" or "do back and forth"
d. Estimative, derived from Adj/Noun, "pretend/profess to be Adj/Noun"
The Hishtaphel Pattern [Seow,27.7], another reflexive verbal pattern in Hebrew.
Pual [Seow,29.1], The Pual verbal pattern is the passive counterpart of the Piel.
Hophal. [Seow,29.2], The Hophal verbal pattern is the passive counterpart of the Hiphil
Qal Passive, [Seow,29.3]
A few verbs which are frequently confused with Pual and Hophal
are, in fact, vestiges of an old Qal Passive verbal pattern.
If a form occurs in Qal, but not in Piel or Hiphil, and seems to be the passive of the verb in Qal,
then the verb is probably a Qal passive.
Pilpel, Polpal, Hithalpel [Seow,30.2]
Again, they (Pilpel, Polpal, Hithpalpel) correspond in function roughly to Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, respectively.
Minor Patters [Seow,24.3] : Poel, Poal, Hithpoel; Palal, Pulal
B. Conjugations
The Qal Perfect [Seow,13.2]
a. The 3ms of the perfect of strong roots may have one of three variations: qatal, qatel, qatol.
The qatal type is by far the most common of the three.
b. Verbs belonging to this group are typically dynamic;
they involve some sort of action, whether transive (taking a direct object) or intransitive.
c. The qatel and qatol type are much smaller groups of verbs that are typically stative.
... stative verbs describe a state or condition (to be Adj.)
d. A rigid semantic categorization of the types must be avoided,
...or the original distinction between the dynamic and stative forms may have been lost.
Uses of the Perfect [Seow,13.3]
-- Biblical Hebrew does not have tenses in the strict sense of the word.
Time of occurrence is indicated in context by certain adverbs (time words)
and, as we shall see in later lessons, by the way the sentence is constructed.
-- The finite verbs themselves do not indicate tense, but aspect --
that is, whether the situation is viewed by the speaker/writer
as an outsider looking at a situation as a complete whole ("perfect"),
or as an inside looking at a situation as it develops ("imperfect").
<
a. viewed as complete whole: simple past or present perfect; past perfect
b. to indicate the condition: present
c. verbs of attitude, perception, or experience: present
d. general truth: present
e. verbs of instantaneous occurrence: present
f. to assume the perspective of the recipient; epistolary perfect: present continuous
g. the certainty of occurrence in the mind of the speaker: present, or even future
II. Nouns
A. Cases of Nouns
Biblical Hebrew does not use case [24 125].
[Engle] pp Syn-1 There are three noun cases in Hebrew syntax: nominative, genitive and accusative.
There are no longer case ending by the time of classical (i.e. biblical) Hebrew.
pp Syn-2 Nominatives will have one of two uses, ususally: subject of the clause, a vocative (direct address).
Genitive (cf. GKC, [83]) is
(1) a noun following a construct form,
(2) a noun with pronominal suffix,
or (3) a noun following a preposition (i.e. dependent ginitive).
pp Syn-3 Accusatives can be identified by
(1) DDO marker (tae), (2) h ;- dirctive, (3) all object suffixes,
or (4) noun not being a gentive or nominative.
Accusative
Objective
Direct Object
Effected Object effect, result, cognate
Internal Object expression: with Acc
Object Complement Adj. of Acc
Dative Object to Acc
Adverbial
Place
Time
Manner
Limitation as far as Acc
Specification as to, of Acc
Double
Without D or H
With D or H
Genitive
Subjective, with verbal quality
Agency G does C
Authorship G writes/speaks/make C
Instrument G (=V/A) with/by C
Abstract One/suffix G=V C=Obj.
Subjective, with non-verbal quality
Possession G owns C
Inalienable Possession C is part of G
Relationship C is related to G in a hierachy
Quality C's quality
Partitive G is dividible into C
Adverbial
Objective C=Pt who do G
of Effect C causes/produces G
Mediated C ie to/by/with G
(Dis)advantage G is beneficiary/victim of C
Location C goes to G
Adjectival
Attributive G=Adj. C
Epexegetical C=Adj. G
Subtance: Material C is made of G
Subtance: Topical C is about G
Subtance: Measure G is measured in C
of Inter-relationship
Species subclass: G narrow down class C
Association G belongs to class C; within
Genus C belongs to class G
Superlative pl. G is cognate with sg. C
